Status of Clean Energy Technologies - Speaker's notes
SLIDE 1: Status of Clean Energy Technologies
This section of the RETScreen Clean Energy Project Analysis Course provides a quick introduction to the various clean energy technologies, such as wind energy and passive solar heating, seen in the photos on this slide.
SLIDE 2: Objective
The objective of this presentation is to increase awareness about renewable energy technologies (RETs) and energy efficiency measures, both in terms of their markets and their typical applications.
SLIDE 3: Definitions
Clean Energy technologies include both energy efficiency measures, which use less energy resources to meet the same energy needs, and renewable energy technologies, which harness non-depleting natural resources. It usually makes sense to consider energy efficiency measures before renewables; this can significantly reduce the energy consumed by an application, permitting a smaller and less expensive renewable energy system to furnish a large portion of the remaining energy requirements. This is illustrated by the home shown on this slide: by investing in insulation for the building envelope, the heating and cooling energy requirements of the house were halved. Installation of renewable energy technologies, such as a solar hot water system and ground-source heat pump, could halve again the building's conventional energy requirements.
SLIDE 4: Reasons for Clean Energy Technologies
There are a number of reasons for the recent surge of interest in clean energy technologies. Foremost among these are environmental motivations, notably the need to address global climate change and local pollution. There is a strong scientific consensus that human activities, especially the combustion of oil, coal and other fossil fuels, are changing the planet's climate. This "global warming" will severely impact both human populations and ecological systems over the next decades and centuries. The combustion of fossil fuels also creates local pollution, such as the smog that blankets many cities worldwide, and this is increasingly recognized as a major cause of respiratory ailments. But there are other reasons for the interest in clean energy technologies. Taking a long-term view of a project, they are often cost effective compared with conventional technologies. Prices for clean energy technologies are falling, as illustrated by this graph of typical costs, over the past several decades, of wind-generated electricity. Simultaneously, fears that fossil fuel demand is outstripping supply are causing price hikes in conventional energy supplies. Furthermore, investment in clean energy technologies tends to generate more employment than investment in conventional technologies, and project expenditures tend to result in money circulating in local economies rather than being exported abroad. Finally, energy consumption is growing worldwide, and there is a need for technologies that can address this demand, either by adding new generation or by using existing supplies more efficiently.
SLIDE 5: Common Characteristics of Clean Energy Technologies
Relative to conventional technologies, most clean energy technologies have higher initial costs, lower operating costs, and reduced environmental impact. They are often cost-effective on a so-called "life-cycle cost" basis.
SLIDE 6: Total Cost of an Energy Generating or Consuming System
It is important to recognize that the costs of a system that generates or consumes energy do not stop with the initial purchase. Rather, these include ongoing costs such as annual fuel, operation and maintenance (O&M) expenditures, major overhauls, decommissioning, financing, and other project specific costs. So different types of systems cannot be compared simply on the basis of their initial costs, but rather must be assessed according to their costs over the life of the project, that is, their life-cycle costs.
SLIDE 7: Renewable Energy Electricity Generating Technologies
Now we will discuss three renewable energy technologies that can be used to generate electricity: wind power, hydropower, and photovoltaics. These technologies are covered in much greater depth in the RETScreen Training Course Modules dedicated to the individual technologies.
SLIDE 8: Wind Energy Technology & Applications
Wind turbines convert wind into electricity. They generally look like the machines shown on this page: a three-bladed rotor mounted on a tower turns around a horizontal axis under the force of the wind. The energy available in the wind varies greatly from one region to another, and it only makes sense to install the turbine where there is a good wind resource. At very minimum, the wind speed measured at a height of 10 m above the ground should average 4 m/s, or 14 km/h, over the course of the year. Winds tend to be strongest in coastal areas, on rounded ridges, and on open plains. The electricity generated by the turbine can be fed onto the central electricity grid, that is, the trans-continental network of generators and consumers catered to by the electric utility companies, can be fed onto an isolated grid, such as that providing electricity to a cluster of isolated communities, or can be used off-grid, for example as a power supply for a remote home or telecommunications system.
SLIDE 9: Wind Energy Market
The wind energy market has expanded explosively over the last 20 years, as shown by the figure on this slide. Note that the vertical bars indicate the wind capacity installed each year, not the cumulative capacity. By capita, Denmark is the world-leader, in terms of both the use and manufacture of wind energy technology. Germany, the USA, and Spain are also major players.
SLIDE 10: Small Hydro Technology & Applications
Small hydro systems make use of the potential energy of water that flows from a higher to a lower elevation. A dam or diversion weir channels water into a turbine, which drives an electrical generator. Unlike large hydro developments, which store water in a reservoir, most small-hydro projects are run-of-river: they do not involve storage, and use only the flow available in the river at a given point in time. Like wind turbines, they can be used on the central grid, off-grid, or on an isolated grid.
SLIDE 11: Small Hydro Market
Around 20% of the world's electricity is produced by large & small hydro. Worldwide, there are 20 GW of small hydro capacity installed. This is forecast to increase to 50 to 75 GW by 2020. Much of this growth will be in China, which is a world-leader with 43,000 hydro plants under a capacity of 25 MW already installed. Europe and Canada together have another 6 GW of economically feasible small hydro potential.
SLIDE 12: Photovoltaic (PV) Technology & Applications
Photovoltaics are semiconductor devices that generate direct current electricity when sunlight shines on them. They have no moving parts and are therefore extraordinarily reliable and require little maintenance. They are available in flat panel modules that can be wired together into arrays of any size. They can be used for a wide variety of applications, such as residential off-grid power systems, which require a battery for energy storage, water pumping, or feeding the grid.
SLIDE 13: Photovoltaic Market
Like the wind market, the PV market has expanded quickly over the past 20 years; it is, however, about one-tenth the size of the market for wind. Once again, note that the vertical bars in this figure show the photovoltaic capacity installed per year, not the cumulative capacity.
SLIDE 14: Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Now, having discussed the renewable energy technologies that generate electricity, we turn our attention to a clean energy technology that generates both heat and power. Most power is generated through a process of combusting a fuel. No power generator can make use of all the heat released in the combustion, however. CHP systems capture this heat, which would otherwise be wasted, and use it to satisfy a nearby heat load. In making use of this heat, system efficiency increases greatly. For example, in the CHP system shown schematically on this slide, an efficiency of 85% is achieved by adding a heat recovery system to a power generator; were this not added, the heat would be lost and the system efficiency would be only 30%.
SLIDE 15: Combined Heat and Power Applications, Fuels and Equipment
CHP systems can be installed wherever there is a simultaneous use for heat and electricity; this includes a vast range of industrial, commercial and institutional applications. The systems can use fuels as diverse as natural gas, diesel, biomass, and landfill gas, and equipment ranging from gas turbines and reciprocating engines to fuel cells.
SLIDE 16: Combined Heat and Power Applications
CHP applications include providing heat and power to single buildings, commercial and industrial buildings, district energy systems, (i.e. clusters of buildings linked by a network of buried pipes that transport heat and cooling), and industrial processes.
SLIDE 17: Combined Heat and Power Fuel Types
Depending on the equipment employed, CHP systems may utilize almost any renewable fuel imaginable, fossil fuels such as natural gas and diesel, and even rarely used sources of energy like geothermal heat and hydrogen.
SLIDE 18: Combined Heat and Power Equipment & Technologies
CHP equipment includes a power generation system that rejects heat, a system that recovers this heat and can provide additional heat when necessary, and an optional system for satisfying a cooling load. The cooling system may be driven by either power or heat, as in the case of absorption chillers.
SLIDE 19: Combined Heat and Power Market
Worldwide, there is around 250 GW of CHP capacity installed; this is expected to grow by around 10 GW per year. Leaders include Russia, which derives 30% of its electricity from CHP systems, the USA, China, and Canada.
SLIDE 20: Renewable Energy Heating & Cooling Technologies
Next we will discuss five renewable energy technologies that can be used to provide heating, and, in some cases, cooling. These are: biomass combustion, solar air heating, solar water heating, passive solar heating, and ground-source heat pumps.
SLIDE 21: Biomass Heating Technology & Applications
Biomass combustion systems provide heat through the controlled burning of wood, agricultural residues, municipal waste or other fuels derived from plant matter. They can be used to heat individual buildings or, through a district heating system, whole communities.
SLIDE 22: Biomass Heating Market
Biomass combustion provides 11% of the world's total primary energy supply. Much of this is in developing countries, where biomass is used, not always sustainably, for heating and cooking. Nevertheless, around 20 GWth of controlled biomass combustion systems exist worldwide. Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Austria derive a major part of their total primary energy supply from biomass. New markets for biomass heating are being developed, as seen in the figure on this slide showing the recent growth of the Austrian market for small-scale biomass heating systems.
SLIDE 23: Solar Air Heating Technology & Applications
Building ventilation systems and industrial processes draw in fresh air. When outside temperatures are cold, this air must be heated. Solar air heating systems use an unglazed collector to preheat this air stream, decreasing the amount of heat that must be added by conventional heaters. The dark, metal solar collector is heated by sunshine; cold air is warmed as it passes through small holes in the collector. A fan circulates this heated air through the building.
SLIDE 24: Solar Air Heating Market
The principal market for solar air heating is the preheating of ventilation air for buildings with large fresh air requirements, such as factories. When installed during building construction or major renovation, the solar collector replaces conventional building cladding and can be very financially attractive. Solar air heating has also been used for crop-drying.
SLIDE 25: Solar Water Heating Technology & Applications
Glazed and unglazed collectors make use of sunshine to heat water. The heated water can be used immediately or set aside in a storage tank for use later on. Solar water heating systems are found on residential buildings, in commercial or industrial settings, and even in specialized applications such as aquaculture.
SLIDE 26: Solar Water Heating Market
More than 30 million square meters of solar water heating collectors are installed worldwide. One third of this is in Europe, where the market has an annual growth rate of 12%. Germany, Greece, and Austria are major markets; the target for the continent is 100 million square metres of collectors for 2010. In North America, as elsewhere, there is a strong market for solar water heating for swimming pools.
SLIDE 27: Passive Solar Heating Technology & Applications
Passive solar heating (PSH) is the use of sunshine, entering a building through high performance equator-facing windows, to provide space heating. It can supply 20 to 50% of the space heating required by a residential low-rise building. PSH also involves the storage of heat within the building structure, to avoid rapid changes in indoor air temperature, and the use of shading to reduce summer heat gains.
SLIDE 28: Passive Solar Heating Market
Today's construction includes as standard practice many of the cutting edge PSH technologies of 20 to 30 years ago; meanwhile, window technology has improved, creating new opportunities to reduce building energy consumption. PSH also includes low-cost and no-cost measures, such as including overhanging roofs to provide summertime shading and orienting the building to maximize equatorial exposure. Due to the changing definition of PSH, and the difficulty of accounting for these low-cost and no cost measures, it is hard to pin down the PSH market. It is clear, however, that the market for PSH lies primarily in new construction and in the replacement of aged, deteriorating windows, rather than the upgrading of relatively new windows.
SLIDE 29: Ground-Source Heat Pump Technology & Applications
Ground-Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems provide heating, cooling, and even hot water, by extracting heat from the ground during winter and dumping heat back into the ground during summer. This requires that the temperature of the heat be shifted up or down by a heat pump. This apparatus operates on the same principal as a conventional refrigerator.
SLIDE 30: Ground-Source Heat Pump Market
Worldwide, nearly a million GSHP systems, with a total of around 10 GWth of capacity, are installed. The market grows around 10% per year on average. The USA, Sweden, Switzerland, and Germany are at the forefront of developments.
SLIDE 31: Other Commercial Clean Energy Technologies
Other commercial clean energy technologies include processes for deriving ethanol and bio-diesel fuels from biomass; efficient refrigeration systems; variable speed motors for ventilation systems and other applications; daylighting & efficient lighting systems; and ventilation heat recovery.
SLIDE 32: Emerging Clean Energy Technologies
A number of clean energy technologies are under development. They include solar-thermal power systems, which use solar energy to provide heat to power generating equipment; ocean-thermal power, which derives power from the temperature difference between tropical surface water and deep ocean water; tidal power and ocean current power, which drive turbines with the flow of water in the sea and ocean; and wave power, which involves a large number of shoreline and off-shore schemes for generating electricity.
SLIDE 33: Conclusions
This presentation has shown many cost-effective applications of clean energy technologies around the world. Markets for these technologies are growing, and there is no shortage of opportunities to make use of them.
SLIDE 34: Questions?
This concludes the presentation of the Status of Clean Energy Technologies. This Introductory course continues in further modules; please proceed to the presentation "Clean Energy Project Analysis with RETScreen Software."
This section of the RETScreen Clean Energy Project Analysis Course provides a quick introduction to the various clean energy technologies, such as wind energy and passive solar heating, seen in the photos on this slide.
SLIDE 2: Objective
The objective of this presentation is to increase awareness about renewable energy technologies (RETs) and energy efficiency measures, both in terms of their markets and their typical applications.
SLIDE 3: Definitions
Clean Energy technologies include both energy efficiency measures, which use less energy resources to meet the same energy needs, and renewable energy technologies, which harness non-depleting natural resources. It usually makes sense to consider energy efficiency measures before renewables; this can significantly reduce the energy consumed by an application, permitting a smaller and less expensive renewable energy system to furnish a large portion of the remaining energy requirements. This is illustrated by the home shown on this slide: by investing in insulation for the building envelope, the heating and cooling energy requirements of the house were halved. Installation of renewable energy technologies, such as a solar hot water system and ground-source heat pump, could halve again the building's conventional energy requirements.
SLIDE 4: Reasons for Clean Energy Technologies
There are a number of reasons for the recent surge of interest in clean energy technologies. Foremost among these are environmental motivations, notably the need to address global climate change and local pollution. There is a strong scientific consensus that human activities, especially the combustion of oil, coal and other fossil fuels, are changing the planet's climate. This "global warming" will severely impact both human populations and ecological systems over the next decades and centuries. The combustion of fossil fuels also creates local pollution, such as the smog that blankets many cities worldwide, and this is increasingly recognized as a major cause of respiratory ailments. But there are other reasons for the interest in clean energy technologies. Taking a long-term view of a project, they are often cost effective compared with conventional technologies. Prices for clean energy technologies are falling, as illustrated by this graph of typical costs, over the past several decades, of wind-generated electricity. Simultaneously, fears that fossil fuel demand is outstripping supply are causing price hikes in conventional energy supplies. Furthermore, investment in clean energy technologies tends to generate more employment than investment in conventional technologies, and project expenditures tend to result in money circulating in local economies rather than being exported abroad. Finally, energy consumption is growing worldwide, and there is a need for technologies that can address this demand, either by adding new generation or by using existing supplies more efficiently.
SLIDE 5: Common Characteristics of Clean Energy Technologies
Relative to conventional technologies, most clean energy technologies have higher initial costs, lower operating costs, and reduced environmental impact. They are often cost-effective on a so-called "life-cycle cost" basis.
SLIDE 6: Total Cost of an Energy Generating or Consuming System
It is important to recognize that the costs of a system that generates or consumes energy do not stop with the initial purchase. Rather, these include ongoing costs such as annual fuel, operation and maintenance (O&M) expenditures, major overhauls, decommissioning, financing, and other project specific costs. So different types of systems cannot be compared simply on the basis of their initial costs, but rather must be assessed according to their costs over the life of the project, that is, their life-cycle costs.
SLIDE 7: Renewable Energy Electricity Generating Technologies
Now we will discuss three renewable energy technologies that can be used to generate electricity: wind power, hydropower, and photovoltaics. These technologies are covered in much greater depth in the RETScreen Training Course Modules dedicated to the individual technologies.
SLIDE 8: Wind Energy Technology & Applications
Wind turbines convert wind into electricity. They generally look like the machines shown on this page: a three-bladed rotor mounted on a tower turns around a horizontal axis under the force of the wind. The energy available in the wind varies greatly from one region to another, and it only makes sense to install the turbine where there is a good wind resource. At very minimum, the wind speed measured at a height of 10 m above the ground should average 4 m/s, or 14 km/h, over the course of the year. Winds tend to be strongest in coastal areas, on rounded ridges, and on open plains. The electricity generated by the turbine can be fed onto the central electricity grid, that is, the trans-continental network of generators and consumers catered to by the electric utility companies, can be fed onto an isolated grid, such as that providing electricity to a cluster of isolated communities, or can be used off-grid, for example as a power supply for a remote home or telecommunications system.
SLIDE 9: Wind Energy Market
The wind energy market has expanded explosively over the last 20 years, as shown by the figure on this slide. Note that the vertical bars indicate the wind capacity installed each year, not the cumulative capacity. By capita, Denmark is the world-leader, in terms of both the use and manufacture of wind energy technology. Germany, the USA, and Spain are also major players.
SLIDE 10: Small Hydro Technology & Applications
Small hydro systems make use of the potential energy of water that flows from a higher to a lower elevation. A dam or diversion weir channels water into a turbine, which drives an electrical generator. Unlike large hydro developments, which store water in a reservoir, most small-hydro projects are run-of-river: they do not involve storage, and use only the flow available in the river at a given point in time. Like wind turbines, they can be used on the central grid, off-grid, or on an isolated grid.
SLIDE 11: Small Hydro Market
Around 20% of the world's electricity is produced by large & small hydro. Worldwide, there are 20 GW of small hydro capacity installed. This is forecast to increase to 50 to 75 GW by 2020. Much of this growth will be in China, which is a world-leader with 43,000 hydro plants under a capacity of 25 MW already installed. Europe and Canada together have another 6 GW of economically feasible small hydro potential.
SLIDE 12: Photovoltaic (PV) Technology & Applications
Photovoltaics are semiconductor devices that generate direct current electricity when sunlight shines on them. They have no moving parts and are therefore extraordinarily reliable and require little maintenance. They are available in flat panel modules that can be wired together into arrays of any size. They can be used for a wide variety of applications, such as residential off-grid power systems, which require a battery for energy storage, water pumping, or feeding the grid.
SLIDE 13: Photovoltaic Market
Like the wind market, the PV market has expanded quickly over the past 20 years; it is, however, about one-tenth the size of the market for wind. Once again, note that the vertical bars in this figure show the photovoltaic capacity installed per year, not the cumulative capacity.
SLIDE 14: Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Now, having discussed the renewable energy technologies that generate electricity, we turn our attention to a clean energy technology that generates both heat and power. Most power is generated through a process of combusting a fuel. No power generator can make use of all the heat released in the combustion, however. CHP systems capture this heat, which would otherwise be wasted, and use it to satisfy a nearby heat load. In making use of this heat, system efficiency increases greatly. For example, in the CHP system shown schematically on this slide, an efficiency of 85% is achieved by adding a heat recovery system to a power generator; were this not added, the heat would be lost and the system efficiency would be only 30%.
SLIDE 15: Combined Heat and Power Applications, Fuels and Equipment
CHP systems can be installed wherever there is a simultaneous use for heat and electricity; this includes a vast range of industrial, commercial and institutional applications. The systems can use fuels as diverse as natural gas, diesel, biomass, and landfill gas, and equipment ranging from gas turbines and reciprocating engines to fuel cells.
SLIDE 16: Combined Heat and Power Applications
CHP applications include providing heat and power to single buildings, commercial and industrial buildings, district energy systems, (i.e. clusters of buildings linked by a network of buried pipes that transport heat and cooling), and industrial processes.
SLIDE 17: Combined Heat and Power Fuel Types
Depending on the equipment employed, CHP systems may utilize almost any renewable fuel imaginable, fossil fuels such as natural gas and diesel, and even rarely used sources of energy like geothermal heat and hydrogen.
SLIDE 18: Combined Heat and Power Equipment & Technologies
CHP equipment includes a power generation system that rejects heat, a system that recovers this heat and can provide additional heat when necessary, and an optional system for satisfying a cooling load. The cooling system may be driven by either power or heat, as in the case of absorption chillers.
SLIDE 19: Combined Heat and Power Market
Worldwide, there is around 250 GW of CHP capacity installed; this is expected to grow by around 10 GW per year. Leaders include Russia, which derives 30% of its electricity from CHP systems, the USA, China, and Canada.
SLIDE 20: Renewable Energy Heating & Cooling Technologies
Next we will discuss five renewable energy technologies that can be used to provide heating, and, in some cases, cooling. These are: biomass combustion, solar air heating, solar water heating, passive solar heating, and ground-source heat pumps.
SLIDE 21: Biomass Heating Technology & Applications
Biomass combustion systems provide heat through the controlled burning of wood, agricultural residues, municipal waste or other fuels derived from plant matter. They can be used to heat individual buildings or, through a district heating system, whole communities.
SLIDE 22: Biomass Heating Market
Biomass combustion provides 11% of the world's total primary energy supply. Much of this is in developing countries, where biomass is used, not always sustainably, for heating and cooking. Nevertheless, around 20 GWth of controlled biomass combustion systems exist worldwide. Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Austria derive a major part of their total primary energy supply from biomass. New markets for biomass heating are being developed, as seen in the figure on this slide showing the recent growth of the Austrian market for small-scale biomass heating systems.
SLIDE 23: Solar Air Heating Technology & Applications
Building ventilation systems and industrial processes draw in fresh air. When outside temperatures are cold, this air must be heated. Solar air heating systems use an unglazed collector to preheat this air stream, decreasing the amount of heat that must be added by conventional heaters. The dark, metal solar collector is heated by sunshine; cold air is warmed as it passes through small holes in the collector. A fan circulates this heated air through the building.
SLIDE 24: Solar Air Heating Market
The principal market for solar air heating is the preheating of ventilation air for buildings with large fresh air requirements, such as factories. When installed during building construction or major renovation, the solar collector replaces conventional building cladding and can be very financially attractive. Solar air heating has also been used for crop-drying.
SLIDE 25: Solar Water Heating Technology & Applications
Glazed and unglazed collectors make use of sunshine to heat water. The heated water can be used immediately or set aside in a storage tank for use later on. Solar water heating systems are found on residential buildings, in commercial or industrial settings, and even in specialized applications such as aquaculture.
SLIDE 26: Solar Water Heating Market
More than 30 million square meters of solar water heating collectors are installed worldwide. One third of this is in Europe, where the market has an annual growth rate of 12%. Germany, Greece, and Austria are major markets; the target for the continent is 100 million square metres of collectors for 2010. In North America, as elsewhere, there is a strong market for solar water heating for swimming pools.
SLIDE 27: Passive Solar Heating Technology & Applications
Passive solar heating (PSH) is the use of sunshine, entering a building through high performance equator-facing windows, to provide space heating. It can supply 20 to 50% of the space heating required by a residential low-rise building. PSH also involves the storage of heat within the building structure, to avoid rapid changes in indoor air temperature, and the use of shading to reduce summer heat gains.
SLIDE 28: Passive Solar Heating Market
Today's construction includes as standard practice many of the cutting edge PSH technologies of 20 to 30 years ago; meanwhile, window technology has improved, creating new opportunities to reduce building energy consumption. PSH also includes low-cost and no-cost measures, such as including overhanging roofs to provide summertime shading and orienting the building to maximize equatorial exposure. Due to the changing definition of PSH, and the difficulty of accounting for these low-cost and no cost measures, it is hard to pin down the PSH market. It is clear, however, that the market for PSH lies primarily in new construction and in the replacement of aged, deteriorating windows, rather than the upgrading of relatively new windows.
SLIDE 29: Ground-Source Heat Pump Technology & Applications
Ground-Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems provide heating, cooling, and even hot water, by extracting heat from the ground during winter and dumping heat back into the ground during summer. This requires that the temperature of the heat be shifted up or down by a heat pump. This apparatus operates on the same principal as a conventional refrigerator.
SLIDE 30: Ground-Source Heat Pump Market
Worldwide, nearly a million GSHP systems, with a total of around 10 GWth of capacity, are installed. The market grows around 10% per year on average. The USA, Sweden, Switzerland, and Germany are at the forefront of developments.
SLIDE 31: Other Commercial Clean Energy Technologies
Other commercial clean energy technologies include processes for deriving ethanol and bio-diesel fuels from biomass; efficient refrigeration systems; variable speed motors for ventilation systems and other applications; daylighting & efficient lighting systems; and ventilation heat recovery.
SLIDE 32: Emerging Clean Energy Technologies
A number of clean energy technologies are under development. They include solar-thermal power systems, which use solar energy to provide heat to power generating equipment; ocean-thermal power, which derives power from the temperature difference between tropical surface water and deep ocean water; tidal power and ocean current power, which drive turbines with the flow of water in the sea and ocean; and wave power, which involves a large number of shoreline and off-shore schemes for generating electricity.
SLIDE 33: Conclusions
This presentation has shown many cost-effective applications of clean energy technologies around the world. Markets for these technologies are growing, and there is no shortage of opportunities to make use of them.
SLIDE 34: Questions?
This concludes the presentation of the Status of Clean Energy Technologies. This Introductory course continues in further modules; please proceed to the presentation "Clean Energy Project Analysis with RETScreen Software."
